Merge pull request #1 from Plexi09/boot-to-c

Makes the main bootloader functional. Instead of a real mode "hello world" sector, the boot chain now loads the kernel from disk, switches through 32-bi protected mode into 64-bit long mode, and runs C code (kmain) that prints to the VGA console and halts. Old root boot.asm removed and replaced by kernel/arch/x86_64/boot.asm.

.github/scripts/check_boot.py

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ import sys
 import termios
 import time
 
-IMAGE = "boot.bin"
+IMAGE = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else "nadir.img"
-NEEDLE = b"Nadir"
+NEEDLE = b"64-bit"
 BOOT_WAIT_S = 8
 
 

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # Nadir Kernel CI. Runs on every pull request and every push to main.
 #
+# Builds nadir.img with make, verifies the image, then boots it headless in
+# QEMU and asserts the kernel's welcome message reaches the screen.
 
 name: CI
 
@@ -20,7 +22,27 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
       - name: Install toolchain
+        # gcc, make and binutils ship with the runner; nasm and qemu do not.
         run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y nasm qemu-system-x86
 
-      - name: Build boot sector
+      - name: Build image
-        run: nasm -f bin boot.asm -o boot.bin
+        run: make
+
+      - name: Verify image
+        # Every check prints what it saw: a silent bare `test` once hid a
+        # failure here, so each assertion reports and names its own failure.
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          ls -l nadir.img
+          size=$(stat -c %s nadir.img)
+          echo "image size: $size bytes"
+          test "$size" -ge 1024 || { echo "FAIL: image smaller than sector+kernel minimum"; exit 1; }
+          test $(( (size - 512) % 512 )) -eq 0 || { echo "FAIL: kernel part is not sector-aligned"; exit 1; }
+          sig=$(dd if=nadir.img bs=1 skip=510 count=2 2>/dev/null | od -A n -t x1 | tr -d ' \n')
+          echo "boot signature: $sig"
+          test "$sig" = "55aa" || { echo "FAIL: missing 0xAA55 boot signature"; exit 1; }
+          grep -q "Nadir" nadir.img || { echo "FAIL: kernel payload missing from image"; exit 1; }
+          echo "OK: nadir.img valid, boot signature and payload present"
+
+      - name: Boot and check welcome message in QEMU
+        run: python3 .github/scripts/check_boot.py nadir.img

.gitignore

@@ -23,3 +23,9 @@ qemu*.log
 AGENTS.md
 .omo
 .codegraph
+
+# Local scripts
+*.sh
+
+# Python bytecode (CI boot check)
+__pycache__/

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ Please stick to the following rules if you plan to use AI in your contributions:
 
 ## Building and running
 
-The current toolchain is two commands from the repository root. See the [README](README.md) for prerequisites and troubleshooting:
+Build from the repository root. See the [README](README.md) for prerequisites and troubleshooting:
 
 ```
-nasm -f bin boot.asm -o boot.bin
+make        # builds nadir.img (boot sector + kernel)
-qemu-system-x86_64 -fda boot.bin
+make run    # boots it in QEMU
 ```
 
 The toolchain is not yet finalized (candidates: `gcc` cross + `ld`, or `clang` + `lld` + `nasm`; target `x86-64-elf`).

Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# Nadir Kernel build.
+#
+# Toolchain: host gcc/binutils (x86-64) with strict freestanding flags.
+# A dedicated x86-64-elf cross-compiler is the planned next step; until
+# then CC/LD/OBJCOPY stay overridable so it drops in without edits.
+# Requires GNU coreutils (truncate -s %N).
+
+NASM    ?= nasm
+CC      ?= gcc
+LD      ?= ld
+OBJCOPY ?= objcopy
+QEMU    ?= qemu-system-x86_64
+
+ARCH_DIR := kernel/arch/x86_64
+BUILD    := build
+IMG      := nadir.img
+
+CFLAGS := -std=c17 -ffreestanding -nostdlib -fno-builtin \
+          -m64 -mno-red-zone -mno-mmx -mno-sse \
+          -fno-pic -fno-pie -fno-stack-protector \
+          -Wall -Wextra -Werror -O2 -Iinclude
+
+OBJS := $(BUILD)/entry.o $(BUILD)/kmain.o $(BUILD)/console.o
+
+all: $(IMG)
+
+$(BUILD):
+	mkdir -p $(BUILD)
+
+$(BUILD)/entry.o: $(ARCH_DIR)/entry.asm | $(BUILD)
+	$(NASM) -f elf64 $< -o $@
+
+$(BUILD)/kmain.o: kernel/core/kmain.c include/console.h | $(BUILD)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
+
+$(BUILD)/console.o: $(ARCH_DIR)/console.c include/console.h | $(BUILD)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
+
+$(BUILD)/kernel.elf: $(OBJS) $(ARCH_DIR)/link.ld
+	$(LD) -m elf_x86_64 -T $(ARCH_DIR)/link.ld -o $@ $(OBJS)
+
+$(BUILD)/kernel.bin: $(BUILD)/kernel.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -O binary $< $@
+	truncate -s %512 $@
+
+# The boot sector needs the kernel size up front, so it builds last.
+$(BUILD)/boot.bin: $(ARCH_DIR)/boot.asm $(BUILD)/kernel.bin | $(BUILD)
+	SECTORS=$$(( ($$(stat -c%s $(BUILD)/kernel.bin) + 511) / 512 )); \
+	$(NASM) -f bin -D KERNEL_SECTORS=$$SECTORS $< -o $@
+
+$(IMG): $(BUILD)/boot.bin $(BUILD)/kernel.bin
+	cat $^ > $@
+
+run: $(IMG)
+	$(QEMU) -fda $(IMG)
+
+clean:
+	rm -rf $(BUILD) $(IMG)
+
+.PHONY: all run clean

README.md

@@ -5,37 +5,38 @@ The name Nadir comes from the Arabic word *naẓīr*. In astronomy it means the
 
 ## Status of the project
 
-The project is in its foundation phase and is not yet usable. Only the bootloader is currently being written.
+The project is in its foundation phase and is not yet usable. The boot chain works: a BIOS boot sector loads the kernel, switches through 32-bit protected mode into 64-bit long mode, and runs C code (`kmain`) that prints to the screen. Next: interrupts (IDT), then memory management.
 
 ## Getting started
 
 ### Prerequisites
 
-You need two tools:
+You need an assembler, a C toolchain, and an emulator:
 
-- **nasm** to assemble `boot.asm` into a bootable image.
+- **nasm** assembles the boot sector and the long-mode entry stub.
-- **qemu-system-x86_64**, the emulator used to run it.
+- **gcc**, **binutils** (`ld`, `objcopy`) and **make** build the C kernel (`gcc` pulls in `binutils` on most distros).
+- **qemu-system-x86_64** runs the resulting image.
 
-Install both from your package manager:
+Install everything from your package manager:
 
 **Debian / Ubuntu**
 ```bash
-sudo apt install nasm qemu-system-x86
+sudo apt install nasm qemu-system-x86 gcc make
 ```
 
 **Fedora**
 ```bash
-sudo dnf install nasm qemu-system-x86
+sudo dnf install nasm qemu-system-x86 gcc make
 ```
 
 **Arch Linux**
 ```bash
-sudo pacman -S nasm qemu-desktop
+sudo pacman -S nasm qemu-desktop gcc make
 ```
 
 **macOS (Homebrew)**
 ```bash
-brew install nasm qemu
+brew install nasm qemu gcc make
 ```
 
 **Windows**
@@ -47,8 +48,8 @@ I can only recommend using Linux distribution, but the Windows Subsystem for Lin
 From the repository root:
 
 ```bash
-nasm -f bin boot.asm -o boot.bin
+make        # builds nadir.img
-qemu-system-x86_64 -fda boot.bin
+make run    # boots it in QEMU
 ```
 
 A QEMU window opens and you should see this:
@@ -57,12 +58,12 @@ A QEMU window opens and you should see this:
 
 Notes:
 
-- `-fda` boots the image as a BIOS floppy. QEMU's default firmware loads it at address `0x7C00` and executes it in 16-bit real mode.
+- `nadir.img` is a raw floppy image: the 512-byte boot sector first, then the kernel. `-fda` boots it as a BIOS floppy; QEMU's default firmware loads the sector at address `0x7C00` and executes it in 16-bit real mode.
-- `boot.bin` is a generated artifact and is ignored by git, so you need to build it first. `rm boot.bin` cleans up and it will regenerates on the next `nasm` run.
+- `build/` and `nadir.img` are generated artifacts ignored by git. `make clean` removes them.
-- There is no build script or Makefile yet. Those two commands are the whole toolchain.
+- The C kernel builds with plain host `gcc` and freestanding flags for now (see `Makefile`); a dedicated `x86-64-elf` cross-compiler is the planned next step.
-- Running over SSH or in a bare terminal? Add `-display curses` to render the boot screen as text instead of a window:
+- Running over SSH or in a bare terminal? `make run` needs a window; boot headless instead:
   ```bash
-  qemu-system-x86_64 -fda boot.bin -display curses
+  qemu-system-x86_64 -fda nadir.img -display curses
   ```
   Quit with `Ctrl-A` then `X`.
 
@@ -70,10 +71,19 @@ Notes:
 
 | Symptom | Cause |
 |---|---|
-| `Boot failed: not a bootable disk` | `boot.bin` is not a valid boot sector: it must be exactly 512 bytes and end with the `0xAA55` boot signature. Re-run the `nasm` step and check it completes without errors. |
+| `Boot failed: not a bootable disk` | The first 512 bytes of `nadir.img` are not a valid boot sector (they must end with the `0xAA55` signature). Re-run `make` and check it completes without errors. |
 | Black screen / blinking cursor | The boot sector only speaks legacy BIOS (`int 0x10` text mode). This works out of the box with QEMU's default SeaBIOS firmware but will not boot under UEFI-only firmware (or UEFI-only real hardware) unless legacy/CSM boot is enabled. |
+| QEMU reboots in a loop after `entering protected mode` (or before any C output) | A triple fault in the boot chain: the CPU crashed with no IDT installed and reset itself. Boot with `qemu-system-x86_64 -fda nadir.img -d int -no-reboot` and read the fault (`v=...`) plus registers from the log. |
 | No window appears under WSL2 | Use the `-display curses` variant above. It should work in any terminal. |
 
+## How booting works
+
+1. The BIOS loads the 512-byte sector (`kernel/arch/x86_64/boot.asm`) at `0x7C00`: it enables A20, loads the kernel to `0x10000`, installs a flat GDT, and enters 32-bit protected mode.
+2. The stage-2 entry (`kernel/arch/x86_64/entry.asm`) checks for long mode, identity-maps the first 1 GB with 2 MB pages, enables paging, jumps to 64-bit code, zeroes BSS, and calls `kmain`.
+3. `kmain` (`kernel/core/kmain.c`) prints through the VGA text console (`kernel/arch/x86_64/console.c`, `include/console.h`) and halts.
+
+The full memory map lives in the header comment of `kernel/arch/x86_64/boot.asm`.
+
 ## Contributing
 
 Every contribution is welcome. Please fork and send a pull request if you wish to contribute. You will be credited at the end of this very file. Please see the [CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md) file for more information.

boot.asm

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-bits 16 ; 16 bit mode
-org 0x7c00
-
-boot:
-    mov si, message     ; Point SI register to message
-    mov ah, 0x0e        ; Set higher bits to the display character command
-
-.loop:
-    lodsb               ; Load the character within the AL register, and increment SI
-    cmp al, 0           ; Is the AL register a null byte?
-    je halt             ; Jump to halt
-    int 0x10            ; Trigger video service interrupt
-    jmp .loop           ; Loop again
-
-halt:
-    hlt                 ; stop
-
-message:
-    db "Hello World from Nadir Kernel !", 0x0a, 0x0d, 0x00
-
-times 510-($-$$) db 0   ; 510 bytes of zeros
-dw 0xAA55               ; boot signature

include/console.h

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/* Nadir early console: VGA text-mode driver.
+ *
+ * Writes straight to the VGA text buffer at 0xB8000, which the stage-2
+ * page tables identity-map. Runs in 64-bit long mode at Ring 0 (CPL 0);
+ * no faults are possible beyond a programming bug. There is no IDT yet,
+ * so a wild pointer here triple-faults the machine.
+ */
+
+#ifndef NADIR_CONSOLE_H
+#define NADIR_CONSOLE_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+/* Clear the screen and park the cursor at the top left. */
+void console_clear(void);
+
+/* Print one character. '\n' moves to the start of the next line; the
+ * screen scrolls up when the cursor runs past the last line. */
+void console_putchar(char c);
+
+/* Print a NUL-terminated string. */
+void console_puts(const char *s);
+
+/* Print a 64-bit value as 0x-prefixed, zero-padded hexadecimal. */
+void console_puthex64(uint64_t value);
+
+#endif /* NADIR_CONSOLE_H */

kernel/arch/x86_64/boot.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+; Nadir stage-1 boot sector.
+;
+; Runs in 16-bit real mode at 0x7C00 (Ring 0, CPL 0, BIOS hands us full
+; privilege; privileged instructions used: cli, lgdt, mov cr0).
+; Fault behavior: none possible here beyond a failed disk read, which prints
+; an error and halts. There is no IDT yet, so any CPU exception would
+; triple-fault and reset the machine.
+;
+; Job: enable A20, load the kernel image (LBA 1..N) to 0x10000, install a
+; flat GDT, enter 32-bit protected mode and jump to the stage-2 entry.
+;
+; Memory map used by the whole boot chain:
+;   0x007C00  this sector (512 bytes)
+;   0x010000  kernel image (loaded here, linked here)
+;   0x70000   PML4 | 0x71000 PDPT | 0x72000 PD (built by stage 2)
+;   0x90000   stack top (real-mode stack grows down from 0x7C00 instead)
+;   0xB8000   VGA text buffer
+
+bits 16
+org 0x7C00
+
+%ifndef KERNEL_SECTORS
+%error "KERNEL_SECTORS not defined - build with make"
+%endif
+
+KERNEL_LOAD_SEG equ 0x1000          ; ES for load target 0x1000:0x0000 = 0x10000
+STACK_TOP       equ 0x7C00          ; real-mode stack grows down from here
+
+start:
+    cli
+    xor ax, ax
+    mov ds, ax
+    mov es, ax
+    mov ss, ax
+    mov sp, STACK_TOP
+    sti
+    mov [boot_drive], dl            ; BIOS passes the boot drive in DL
+
+    mov si, msg_loading
+    call puts
+
+    call enable_a20
+    call read_drive_params
+    call load_kernel
+
+    mov si, msg_entering
+    call puts
+
+    cli
+    lgdt [gdt_ptr]
+    mov eax, cr0
+    or eax, 1
+    mov cr0, eax
+    jmp 0x08:prot32
+
+; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+; puts: print NUL-terminated string at DS:SI via BIOS teletype.
+; Clobbers AX, BX, SI.
+puts:
+    push ax
+    push bx
+    mov ah, 0x0E
+    mov bh, 0
+.loop:
+    lodsb
+    test al, al
+    jz .done
+    int 0x10
+    jmp .loop
+.done:
+    pop bx
+    pop ax
+    ret
+
+; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+; enable_a20: try BIOS, keyboard-controller and fast-A20 methods in turn.
+; Each is harmless if A20 is already on.
+enable_a20:
+    mov ax, 0x2401                  ; BIOS: enable A20
+    int 0x15
+    call kbd_wait                   ; keyboard controller: pulse output port
+    mov al, 0xD1
+    out 0x64, al
+    call kbd_wait
+    mov al, 0xDF
+    out 0x60, al
+    call kbd_wait
+    in al, 0x92                     ; fast A20 (skip if already set or absent)
+    test al, 0x02
+    jnz .done
+    or al, 0x02
+    out 0x92, al
+.done:
+    ret
+
+kbd_wait:
+    in al, 0x64
+    test al, 0x02
+    jnz kbd_wait
+    ret
+
+; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+; read_drive_params: query sectors/track and head count via int 0x13 AH=08.
+; Falls back to floppy defaults (18 spt, 2 heads) on failure or nonsense.
+read_drive_params:
+    xor ax, ax
+    mov ds, ax                      ; re-establish DS (BIOS may clobber it)
+    mov ah, 0x08
+    mov dl, [boot_drive]
+    int 0x13
+    jc .defaults
+    and cx, 0x3F                    ; CL[5:0] = max sector = sectors per track
+    jz .defaults
+    mov [spt], cl
+    inc dh                          ; DH = max head -> head count
+    jz .defaults
+    mov [heads], dh
+    ret
+.defaults:
+    mov byte [spt], 18
+    mov byte [heads], 2
+    ret
+
+; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+; lba_to_chs: convert LBA in AX to int 0x13 CHS in CH/CL/DH.
+; Clobbers AX, BX, CX, DX.
+lba_to_chs:
+    xor dx, dx
+    div word [spt]                  ; AX = LBA/spt, DX = sector offset
+    inc dx                          ; sectors are 1-based
+    push dx                         ; save sector number
+    xor dx, dx
+    div word [heads]                ; AX = cylinder, DX = head
+    mov dh, dl
+    mov bx, ax                      ; BX = cylinder
+    pop ax                          ; AL = sector
+    mov cl, al
+    mov ch, bl                      ; CH = cylinder bits 0-7
+    shr bx, 2
+    and bl, 0xC0
+    or cl, bl                       ; CL[7:6] = cylinder bits 8-9
+    ret
+
+; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+; load_kernel: read KERNEL_SECTORS sectors starting at LBA 1 to 0x10000.
+; Halts with an error message after 3 failed retries per sector.
+;
+; NOTE: no register value is trusted across int 0x13 — SeaBIOS/real BIOSes
+; may clobber general registers (observed: BX zeroed) and disturb the
+; stack, so all loop state lives in memory and ES:BX/DS/DL are reloaded
+; from memory before every disk call.
+load_kernel:
+    xor ax, ax
+    mov ds, ax                      ; re-establish DS (BIOS may clobber it)
+    mov ax, KERNEL_LOAD_SEG
+    mov [buf_seg], ax
+    mov word [buf_off], 0
+    mov word [lba], 1
+    mov ax, KERNEL_SECTORS
+    mov [sectors_left], ax
+.next:
+    mov ax, [lba]
+    call lba_to_chs
+    mov byte [tries], 3
+.attempt:
+    mov ax, [buf_seg]               ; reload buffer: ES:BX must not survive
+    mov es, ax                      ; a BIOS call
+    mov bx, [buf_off]
+    mov dl, [boot_drive]
+    mov ah, 0x02                    ; read 1 sector to ES:BX
+    mov al, 1
+    int 0x13
+    xor ax, ax
+    mov ds, ax                      ; DS may not have survived either
+    jnc .ok
+    mov ah, 0x00                    ; reset drive, then retry
+    mov dl, [boot_drive]
+    int 0x13
+    xor ax, ax
+    mov ds, ax
+    dec byte [tries]
+    jnz .attempt
+    mov si, msg_disk_err
+    call puts
+    jmp halt
+.ok:
+    add word [buf_off], 512         ; advance buffer past the sector
+    jnc .no_carry
+    add word [buf_seg], 0x1000      ; +64K on segment wrap
+.no_carry:
+    inc word [lba]
+    dec word [sectors_left]
+    jnz .next
+    ret
+
+halt:
+    cli
+.hang:
+    hlt
+    jmp .hang
+
+; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+bits 32
+prot32:
+    mov ax, 0x10                    ; flat data segment
+    mov ds, ax
+    mov es, ax
+    mov fs, ax
+    mov gs, ax
+    mov ss, ax
+    mov esp, 0x90000
+    mov eax, 0x10000                ; stage-2 entry at start of kernel image
+    jmp eax
+
+; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+bits 16
+
+; Flat GDT: null, 32-bit code, 32-bit data. (64-bit descriptors live in the
+; stage-2 image, which brings its own GDT.)
+gdt:
+    dq 0x0000000000000000
+    dq 0x00CF9A000000FFFF           ; code32: base 0, 4GB, exec/read
+    dq 0x00CF92000000FFFF           ; data32: base 0, 4GB, read/write
+gdt_end:
+gdt_ptr:
+    dw gdt_end - gdt - 1
+    dd gdt
+
+msg_loading db "Nadir: loading kernel...", 0x0D, 0x0A, 0
+msg_entering db "Nadir: entering protected mode", 0x0D, 0x0A, 0
+msg_disk_err db "Nadir: disk read error", 0x0D, 0x0A, 0
+
+boot_drive   db 0
+spt          dw 18
+heads        dw 2
+lba          dw 0
+buf_seg      dw 0                    ; load buffer segment (starts 0x1000)
+buf_off      dw 0                    ; load buffer offset within segment
+sectors_left dw 0                    ; sectors still to load
+tries        db 0                    ; retries left for current sector
+
+times 510-($-$$) db 0
+dw 0xAA55

kernel/arch/x86_64/console.c

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/* Nadir console: VGA text-mode driver (see console.h). */
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include "console.h"
+
+#define VGA_WIDTH 80
+#define VGA_HEIGHT 25
+#define VGA_ADDR 0xB8000
+#define COLOR_DEFAULT 0x0FU /* white on black */
+
+/* Cursor position. Lives in BSS, zeroed by stage 2 before kmain runs. */
+static uint8_t cursor_row;
+static uint8_t cursor_col;
+
+static volatile uint16_t *const vga = (uint16_t *)VGA_ADDR;
+
+static void scroll(void)
+{
+    for (uint8_t row = 1; row < VGA_HEIGHT; row++) {
+        for (uint8_t col = 0; col < VGA_WIDTH; col++) {
+            vga[(row - 1) * VGA_WIDTH + col] = vga[row * VGA_WIDTH + col];
+        }
+    }
+    for (uint8_t col = 0; col < VGA_WIDTH; col++) {
+        vga[(VGA_HEIGHT - 1) * VGA_WIDTH + col] =
+            (uint16_t)((COLOR_DEFAULT << 8) | ' ');
+    }
+}
+
+void console_clear(void)
+{
+    for (uint16_t i = 0; i < VGA_WIDTH * VGA_HEIGHT; i++) {
+        vga[i] = (uint16_t)((COLOR_DEFAULT << 8) | ' ');
+    }
+    cursor_row = 0;
+    cursor_col = 0;
+}
+
+void console_putchar(char c)
+{
+    if (c == '\n') {
+        cursor_row++;
+        cursor_col = 0;
+    } else {
+        vga[cursor_row * VGA_WIDTH + cursor_col] =
+            (uint16_t)((COLOR_DEFAULT << 8) | c);
+        cursor_col++;
+        if (cursor_col >= VGA_WIDTH) {
+            cursor_col = 0;
+            cursor_row++;
+        }
+    }
+    if (cursor_row >= VGA_HEIGHT) {
+        scroll();
+        cursor_row = VGA_HEIGHT - 1;
+    }
+}
+
+void console_puts(const char *s)
+{
+    while (*s != '\0') {
+        console_putchar(*s);
+        s++;
+    }
+}
+
+void console_puthex64(uint64_t value)
+{
+    static const char digits[] = "0123456789ABCDEF";
+
+    console_puts("0x");
+    for (int shift = 60; shift >= 0; shift -= 4) {
+        console_putchar(digits[(value >> shift) & 0xFU]);
+    }
+}

kernel/arch/x86_64/entry.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+; Nadir stage-2 entry: 32-bit protected mode -> 64-bit long mode -> C.
+;
+; Entered via a near jump to 0x10000 with a flat code segment (Ring 0,
+; CPL 0 —still the privilege BIOS gave us; no userspace exists yet).
+; Privileged instructions used: cpuid, mov cr4/cr0, rdmsr/wrmsr, lgdt.
+; Fault behavior: no IDT is installed, so any exception here triple-faults
+; and resets the machine. The only graceful failure is a CPU without long
+; mode, which prints an error straight to VGA and halts.
+;
+; Steps: verify long mode exists, identity-map the first 1GB with 2MB
+; pages, enable PAE + LME + paging, reload a GDT with a 64-bit code
+; segment, zero BSS, then call the C entry point kmain (System V ABI).
+; Interrupts stay disabled for the whole sequence.
+
+bits 32
+section .boot32
+global boot32_entry
+extern kmain
+extern __bss_start
+extern __bss_end
+
+PML4        equ 0x70000
+PDPT        equ 0x71000
+PD          equ 0x72000
+STACK64_TOP equ 0x90000
+
+boot32_entry:
+    ; --- CPUID: does this CPU do 64-bit long mode? ---
+    mov eax, 0x80000000
+    cpuid
+    cmp eax, 0x80000001
+    jb .no_longmode
+    mov eax, 0x80000001
+    cpuid
+    test edx, 1 << 29               ; LM bit
+    jz .no_longmode
+
+    ; --- page tables: PML4 -> PDPT -> PD, 512 x 2MB identity pages ---
+    mov edi, PML4
+    xor eax, eax
+    mov ecx, 0x1000                 ; clear 16KB (tables + slack)
+    rep stosd
+    mov eax, PDPT
+    or eax, 0x03                    ; present + writable
+    mov [PML4], eax
+    mov eax, PD
+    or eax, 0x03
+    mov [PDPT], eax
+    mov ecx, 512
+    mov edi, PD
+    mov eax, 0x83                   ; present + writable + 2MB page
+.fill_pd:
+    mov [edi], eax
+    add eax, 0x200000
+    add edi, 8
+    loop .fill_pd
+
+    ; --- enable long mode ---
+    mov eax, PML4                   ; page-walk root (CR3 was 0 until now)
+    mov cr3, eax
+    mov eax, cr4
+    or eax, 1 << 5                  ; PAE
+    mov cr4, eax
+    mov ecx, 0xC0000080             ; IA32_EFER
+    rdmsr
+    or eax, 1 << 8                  ; LME
+    wrmsr
+    mov eax, cr0
+    or eax, 1 << 31                 ; PG: paging on, long mode active
+    mov cr0, eax
+
+    lgdt [gdt64_ptr]
+    jmp 0x18:long_entry             ; far jump loads the 64-bit code segment
+
+.no_longmode:
+    mov edi, 0xB8000                ; VGA text buffer, line 0
+    mov esi, err_nolm
+    mov ah, 0x4F                    ; white on red
+.print:
+    lodsb
+    test al, al
+    jz .die
+    stosw
+    jmp .print
+.die:
+    cli
+.hang:
+    hlt
+    jmp .hang
+
+err_nolm db "ERR: CPU has no 64-bit long mode", 0
+
+; Own GDT: the stage-1 GDT is behind us, so bring null/code32/data32 plus
+; the 64-bit code+data segments this stage needs.
+align 8
+gdt64:
+    dq 0x0000000000000000
+    dq 0x00CF9A000000FFFF           ; code32 (kept for completeness)
+    dq 0x00CF92000000FFFF           ; data32
+    dq 0x00209A0000000000           ; code64: L=1, exec/read
+    dq 0x0000920000000000           ; data64: read/write
+gdt64_end:
+gdt64_ptr:
+    dw gdt64_end - gdt64 - 1
+    dd gdt64
+
+; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+bits 64
+long_entry:
+    mov ax, 0x20                    ; 64-bit data segment
+    mov ds, ax
+    mov es, ax
+    mov fs, ax
+    mov gs, ax
+    mov ss, ax
+    mov rsp, STACK64_TOP
+
+    mov rdi, __bss_start            ; zero BSS (uninitialized C statics)
+    mov rcx, __bss_end
+    sub rcx, rdi
+    xor eax, eax
+    rep stosb
+
+    call kmain                      ; first C code — does not return
+    cli
+.hang:
+    hlt
+    jmp .hang

kernel/arch/x86_64/link.ld

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/* Nadir kernel linker script.
+ *
+ * Links the whole kernel (stage-2 entry + C code) as one flat binary loaded
+ * by the boot sector at 0x10000. Virtual addresses equal physical ones: the
+ * stage-2 page tables identity-map the first 1GB, so linked addresses work
+ * as-is the moment long mode is on.
+ *
+ * Layout rules: the stage-2 entry (.boot32) must be the very first bytes of
+ * the image, BSS exposes __bss_start/__bss_end for runtime zeroing, and
+ * toolchain metadata sections are discarded so the binary is pure code+data.
+ */
+
+ENTRY(boot32_entry)
+OUTPUT_ARCH(i386:x86-64)
+
+SECTIONS
+{
+    . = 0x10000;
+
+    .boot : {
+        *(.boot32)
+    }
+
+    .text : {
+        *(.text*)
+    }
+
+    .rodata : {
+        *(.rodata*)
+    }
+
+    .data : {
+        *(.data*)
+    }
+
+    .bss : {
+        __bss_start = .;
+        *(.bss*)
+        *(COMMON)
+        __bss_end = .;
+    }
+
+    /DISCARD/ : {
+        *(.note*)
+        *(.comment*)
+        *(.eh_frame*)
+    }
+}

kernel/core/kmain.c

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/* Nadir kernel entry point: first C code to run.
+ *
+ * Called once from the stage-2 entry stub after the CPU is in 64-bit long
+ * mode with a valid stack, zeroed BSS and identity-mapped memory. Runs at
+ * Ring 0 (CPL 0), interrupts disabled, no IDT yet: any fault triple-faults,
+ * so this function proves the whole boot chain simply by running.
+ * It never returns; on return the caller halts the CPU.
+ */
+
+#include "console.h"
+
+/* A value that only comes out right if the CPU truly executes 64-bit
+ * arithmetic: every nibble survives the shifts above 32 bits. */
+#define PROOF_VALUE 0x0123456789ABCDEFULL
+
+void kmain(void)
+{
+    console_clear();
+    console_puts("Hello World from Nadir Kernel !\n");
+    console_puts("Running C code in 64-bit long mode (Ring 0).\n");
+    console_puts("64-bit proof value: ");
+    console_puthex64(PROOF_VALUE);
+    console_puts("\nHalting.\n");
+
+    for (;;) {
+        __asm__ volatile("hlt");
+    }
+}