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https://github.com/Plexi09/Nadir-Kernel.git
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Boot to C in 64-bit long mode
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14 changed files with 668 additions and 46 deletions
243
kernel/arch/x86_64/boot.asm
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243
kernel/arch/x86_64/boot.asm
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; Nadir stage-1 boot sector.
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;
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; Runs in 16-bit real mode at 0x7C00 (Ring 0, CPL 0, BIOS hands us full
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; privilege; privileged instructions used: cli, lgdt, mov cr0).
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; Fault behavior: none possible here beyond a failed disk read, which prints
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; an error and halts. There is no IDT yet, so any CPU exception would
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; triple-fault and reset the machine.
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;
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; Job: enable A20, load the kernel image (LBA 1..N) to 0x10000, install a
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; flat GDT, enter 32-bit protected mode and jump to the stage-2 entry.
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;
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; Memory map used by the whole boot chain:
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; 0x007C00 this sector (512 bytes)
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; 0x010000 kernel image (loaded here, linked here)
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; 0x70000 PML4 | 0x71000 PDPT | 0x72000 PD (built by stage 2)
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; 0x90000 stack top (real-mode stack grows down from 0x7C00 instead)
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; 0xB8000 VGA text buffer
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bits 16
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org 0x7C00
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%ifndef KERNEL_SECTORS
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%error "KERNEL_SECTORS not defined - build with make"
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%endif
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KERNEL_LOAD_SEG equ 0x1000 ; ES for load target 0x1000:0x0000 = 0x10000
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STACK_TOP equ 0x7C00 ; real-mode stack grows down from here
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start:
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cli
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xor ax, ax
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mov ds, ax
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mov es, ax
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mov ss, ax
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mov sp, STACK_TOP
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sti
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mov [boot_drive], dl ; BIOS passes the boot drive in DL
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mov si, msg_loading
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call puts
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call enable_a20
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call read_drive_params
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call load_kernel
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mov si, msg_entering
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call puts
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cli
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lgdt [gdt_ptr]
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mov eax, cr0
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or eax, 1
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mov cr0, eax
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jmp 0x08:prot32
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; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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; puts: print NUL-terminated string at DS:SI via BIOS teletype.
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; Clobbers AX, BX, SI.
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puts:
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push ax
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push bx
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mov ah, 0x0E
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mov bh, 0
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.loop:
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lodsb
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test al, al
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jz .done
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int 0x10
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jmp .loop
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.done:
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pop bx
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pop ax
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ret
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; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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; enable_a20: try BIOS, keyboard-controller and fast-A20 methods in turn.
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; Each is harmless if A20 is already on.
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enable_a20:
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mov ax, 0x2401 ; BIOS: enable A20
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int 0x15
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call kbd_wait ; keyboard controller: pulse output port
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mov al, 0xD1
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out 0x64, al
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call kbd_wait
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mov al, 0xDF
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out 0x60, al
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call kbd_wait
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in al, 0x92 ; fast A20 (skip if already set or absent)
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test al, 0x02
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jnz .done
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or al, 0x02
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out 0x92, al
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.done:
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ret
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kbd_wait:
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in al, 0x64
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test al, 0x02
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jnz kbd_wait
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ret
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; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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; read_drive_params: query sectors/track and head count via int 0x13 AH=08.
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; Falls back to floppy defaults (18 spt, 2 heads) on failure or nonsense.
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read_drive_params:
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xor ax, ax
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mov ds, ax ; re-establish DS (BIOS may clobber it)
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mov ah, 0x08
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mov dl, [boot_drive]
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int 0x13
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jc .defaults
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and cx, 0x3F ; CL[5:0] = max sector = sectors per track
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jz .defaults
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mov [spt], cl
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inc dh ; DH = max head -> head count
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jz .defaults
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mov [heads], dh
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ret
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.defaults:
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mov byte [spt], 18
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mov byte [heads], 2
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ret
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; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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; lba_to_chs: convert LBA in AX to int 0x13 CHS in CH/CL/DH.
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; Clobbers AX, BX, CX, DX.
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lba_to_chs:
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xor dx, dx
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div word [spt] ; AX = LBA/spt, DX = sector offset
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inc dx ; sectors are 1-based
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push dx ; save sector number
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xor dx, dx
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div word [heads] ; AX = cylinder, DX = head
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mov dh, dl
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mov bx, ax ; BX = cylinder
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pop ax ; AL = sector
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mov cl, al
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mov ch, bl ; CH = cylinder bits 0-7
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shr bx, 2
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and bl, 0xC0
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or cl, bl ; CL[7:6] = cylinder bits 8-9
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ret
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; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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; load_kernel: read KERNEL_SECTORS sectors starting at LBA 1 to 0x10000.
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; Halts with an error message after 3 failed retries per sector.
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;
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; NOTE: no register value is trusted across int 0x13 — SeaBIOS/real BIOSes
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; may clobber general registers (observed: BX zeroed) and disturb the
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; stack, so all loop state lives in memory and ES:BX/DS/DL are reloaded
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; from memory before every disk call.
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load_kernel:
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xor ax, ax
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mov ds, ax ; re-establish DS (BIOS may clobber it)
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mov ax, KERNEL_LOAD_SEG
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mov [buf_seg], ax
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mov word [buf_off], 0
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mov word [lba], 1
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mov ax, KERNEL_SECTORS
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mov [sectors_left], ax
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.next:
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mov ax, [lba]
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call lba_to_chs
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mov byte [tries], 3
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.attempt:
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mov ax, [buf_seg] ; reload buffer: ES:BX must not survive
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mov es, ax ; a BIOS call
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mov bx, [buf_off]
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mov dl, [boot_drive]
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mov ah, 0x02 ; read 1 sector to ES:BX
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mov al, 1
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int 0x13
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xor ax, ax
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mov ds, ax ; DS may not have survived either
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jnc .ok
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mov ah, 0x00 ; reset drive, then retry
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mov dl, [boot_drive]
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int 0x13
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xor ax, ax
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mov ds, ax
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dec byte [tries]
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jnz .attempt
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mov si, msg_disk_err
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call puts
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jmp halt
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.ok:
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add word [buf_off], 512 ; advance buffer past the sector
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jnc .no_carry
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add word [buf_seg], 0x1000 ; +64K on segment wrap
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.no_carry:
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inc word [lba]
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dec word [sectors_left]
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jnz .next
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ret
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halt:
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cli
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.hang:
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hlt
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jmp .hang
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; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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bits 32
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prot32:
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mov ax, 0x10 ; flat data segment
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mov ds, ax
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mov es, ax
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mov fs, ax
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mov gs, ax
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mov ss, ax
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mov esp, 0x90000
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mov eax, 0x10000 ; stage-2 entry at start of kernel image
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jmp eax
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; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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bits 16
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; Flat GDT: null, 32-bit code, 32-bit data. (64-bit descriptors live in the
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; stage-2 image, which brings its own GDT.)
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gdt:
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dq 0x0000000000000000
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dq 0x00CF9A000000FFFF ; code32: base 0, 4GB, exec/read
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dq 0x00CF92000000FFFF ; data32: base 0, 4GB, read/write
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gdt_end:
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gdt_ptr:
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dw gdt_end - gdt - 1
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dd gdt
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msg_loading db "Nadir: loading kernel...", 0x0D, 0x0A, 0
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msg_entering db "Nadir: entering protected mode", 0x0D, 0x0A, 0
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msg_disk_err db "Nadir: disk read error", 0x0D, 0x0A, 0
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boot_drive db 0
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spt dw 18
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heads dw 2
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lba dw 0
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buf_seg dw 0 ; load buffer segment (starts 0x1000)
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buf_off dw 0 ; load buffer offset within segment
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sectors_left dw 0 ; sectors still to load
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tries db 0 ; retries left for current sector
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times 510-($-$$) db 0
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dw 0xAA55
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